Answer to Question 1
School-Level Causes
Schools with a high proportion of students behind grade level in reading, with many students from families on welfare, and located in a community with high unemployment, crime, and poverty rates, are also at risk for delinquency. Research also shows that school climatethe social and educational atmosphere of a schoolis one of the most important predictors of campus crime and violence levels.
Individual-Level Causes
School crime may be a function of the number of students with emotional and psychological problems. Kids who feel isolated and alone with little parental attention may be the most prone to alienation and substance abuse,
Community-Level Causes
Schools experiencing drug abuse and crime are most likely to be found in socially disorganized neighborhoods. A number of researchers have observed that school crime is a function of the community in which the school is located. Other research efforts confirm the community influences on school crime. Communities with a high percentage of two-parent families experience fewer school problems; neighborhoods with high population density and transient populations also have problem-prone schools.
Answer to Question 2
Personal Problems: Because of their deprived background and ragged socialization, some kids lack the verbal skills that are a prerequisite of educational success. Others live in a dysfunctional family; a turbulent family life has been linked to academic underachievement.
Social Class: One reason why lower-class children may do poorly in school is that economic problems require them to take part-time jobs. Working while in school seems to lower commitment to educational achievement and is associated with higher levels of delinquent behavior. Not all experts agree with the social classschool failuredelinquency hypothesis.
Tracking: Studies indicate that noncollege-track students experience greater academic failure and progressive deterioration of achievement, participate less in extracurricular activities, have an increased tendency to drop out, and commit more delinquent acts.
Alienation: Students who report they neither like school nor care about their teachers' opinions are more likely to exhibit delinquent behaviors.
These adolescents have just graduated and look forward to moving on from high school and adolesence
Pulmonary function test: spirometry. (a) Normal respiratory volumes, as measured during spirometry.
Nursing school
An 1891 cartoon blames immigrants for the ills of American society: anarchy, socialism, mayhem, and
School age (late childhood): 6–12 years, or to puberty.
Graduating High School