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An identified risk factor for osteoporosis is the intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A. Dietary intake of approximately double the recommended daily amount of vitamin A, by women, has been shown to reduce bone mineral density and increase the chances for hip fractures compared with women who consumed the recommended daily amount (or less) of vitamin A.
People with high total cholesterol have about two times the risk for heart disease as people with ideal levels.
The Romans did not use numerals to indicate fractions but instead used words to indicate parts of a whole.
Most childhood vaccines are 90–99% effective in preventing disease. Side effects are rarely serious.
Side effects from substance abuse include nausea, dehydration, reduced productivitiy, and dependence. Though these effects usually worsen over time, the constant need for the substance often overcomes rational thinking.