According to the empirical research about consent searches:
a. lower courts find that consent was voluntary in all but the most extreme cases.
b. lower courts are very willing to set consent searches aside when they find they were not voluntary.
c. there are so few consent search cases that courts have had little opportunity to rule on the issue.
d. judges are skeptical of consent searches and critical of the police in their written opinions.
Question 2
According to the waiver test of consent:
a. any search free of coercion is obtained by consent.
b. those who consent need to know that they have a right to refuse consent.
c. once a person consents, they cannot retract consent.
d. a consent search is valid only if the person consenting voluntarily and knowingly waives the Fourth Amendment rights.
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