Answer to Question 1
Biochemical factors
Neurological dysfunction
Genetic influences
Answer to Question 2
Kids who perceive that they have been negatively labeled by significant others such as peers and teachers are also more likely to self-report delinquent behavior and to adopt a deviant self-concept.
They are likely to seek out deviant friends and join gangs, associations that escalate their involvement in criminal activities.
Parental labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the labeling.
Children negatively labeled by their parents routinely suffer a variety of problems, including antisocial behavior and school failure.
This process has been observed in the United States and abroad, indicating that the labeling process is universal.
In addition to these informal labels, official labels from the juvenile justice system can also have a devastating effect.
An official label increases the risk of their later dropping out of high school; rather than deterring crime, court intervention increases the likelihood of future criminality.
The younger the adolescent, the more powerful influence the negative label can have on their self-image.
Student views will vary.
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