Answer to Question 1
a
Answer to Question 2
Efforts to chart the life cycle of crime and delinquency will have a major influence on both theory and policy.
Rather than simply asking why youths become delinquent or commit antisocial acts, theorists are charting the onset, escalation, frequency, and cessation of delinquent behavior.
Research on delinquent careers has also influenced policy. If relatively few offenders commit a great proportion of all delinquent acts and then persist as adult criminals, it follows that steps should be taken to limit their criminal opportunities.
One approach is to identify persistent offenders at the beginning of their offending careers and provide early treatment.
This might be facilitated by research aimed at identifying traits (for example, impulsive personalities) that can be used to classify high-risk offenders.
Because many of these youths suffer from a variety of problems, treatment must be aimed at a broad range of educational, family, vocational, and psychological problems.
Focusing on a single problem, such as a lack of employment, may be ineffective.
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The evolution of the globin gene family in humans
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The time spent in each interval of one complete cell cycle of a human cell in culture