Answer to Question 1
Deterrence: By observing the punishment dished out to convicted criminals, would-be offenders can see that the pains of punishment outweigh the potential benefits of criminal behavior; the perception of future punishments deters crime. Specific deterrence: Experiencing harsh criminal punishments should convince convicted offenders that crime does not pay and recidivism is not in their best interest; the pains of punishment should inhibit future law violations. Incapacitation: Seeks to reduce or eliminate an offender's opportunity to commit future crimes; involves anticipating behavior patterns. Rehabilitation: Purpose is to reduce future criminality by treating and eliminating the underlying causes of crime; also involves predicting future behavior. Diversion: Aimed at sparing nondangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process. Retribution: Criminals deserve to be punished for their criminal acts; if the state did not punish people for their misconduct (retribution), victims would be encouraged to seek personal vengeance for their loss (revenge), creating a chaotic society. Equity/restitution: Demand that criminals reimburse society for its loss caused by their crimes. Restoration: Advocates suggest a policy based on restoring the damage caused by crime and creating a system of justice that includes all the parties harmed by the criminal act: the victim, the offender, the community, and society.
Answer to Question 2
d
Pulmonary function test: spirometry. (a) Normal respiratory volumes, as measured during spirometry.
Identify each stage of the life cycle
Testing client’s ability to identify sharp sensations
Identify the junction nodes in the circuit shown in Figure 21-1.
For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately
Goals of Genetic Counseling