Answer to Question 1
Academic education is typically available to adult offenders. Educational programming consists of adult basic education programs, secondary and general education studies, postsecondary education programs, and social education programs. In many prisons, educational programming is mandated for those offenders who have not earned their high school diploma or GED. College courses are sometimes taught through live instruction, correspondence courses, and release time. Research indicates that educational programming is important for offenders because it may reduce recidivism by increasing literacy, which can result in lawful employment after release; by facilitating the maturation and dedication that educational achievement requires; and by giving inmates an opportunity to interact with civilian employees in the context of a goal-oriented relationship. Even though postsecondary education reduces recidivism and improves institutional adjustment, prisoners have been denied access to higher education and Pell grants. The no-frills approach to prison believes that attending college is a frill.
Answer to Question 2
Self-help programs are typically run by inmates themselves and often express ethnic and cultural goals. Self-help programs are programs from which inmates seek self-improvement. Examples of self-help programs include anger management, AA, NA, GA, Toastmasters, Jaycees, Lifers, Native American Spiritual and Cultural Awareness group, yoga, meditation, stress management, service projects, life skills, and moral development.
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