Answer to Question 1
Answer: Theorists imply that having a low IQ leads to poor school performance and less attachment to school, which then leads to higher delinquency rates. Youths with low IQ also have lower self-esteem and create friendships with peers that also have lower self-esteem which then also leads to delinquency. Third, low IQ leads to lower ability to engage in moral reasoning, and are less able to appreciate the consequences of their actions. Early research on IQ had methodological problems. Samples may have only involved those that were incarcerated or in detention facilities. One study found that the effect of IQ on delinquency was weak initially and became spurious when other predictors of delinquency were taken into account. IQ tests may also be racially biased.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Modern biological theory has been negatively stigmatized by early, crude biological theories. Integrating the biosocial perspective may be a solution accounting how biological factors may be influenced by environmental factors. Biological factors alone cannot account for the wide variation of crime. Biological factors do not address group-rate differences either. Fear also exists that if biological factors are presented it could have a negative impact on social policy. A negative stigma may be presented if a biological condition is presented, in that a person may be biologically inferior.
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