Answer to Question 1
Answer: The different types of deterrence are absolute, marginal, general, specific, objective and subjective. Deterrence theory predicts that people are deterred from crime by actual legal punishment that is certain and severe and also by their own perceptions that legal punishment will be certain and severe.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Classical theories believe people act with free will and weigh the consequences of their action and whether it will cause more pleasure than pain. Classical scholars largely failed to consider that forces both outside and inside individuals might affect their likelihood of breaking the law. This view was the central insight of a new way of thinking, positivism, which came to dominate the nineteenth century and derived from the great discoveries in the physical sciences. These discoveries indicated to social philosophers the potential of using science to understand not only the physical world but also the social world.
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