Answer to Question 1
Answer: Answers should explain Freuds development of psychoanalysis based on the belief that criminal behavior is maladaptive and the product of inadequacies inherent in the offenders personality. The personality as defined by Freud has three components: the id, based on the pleasure principle; the ego, based on the reality principle; and the superego, based on the ethnical principle. A discussion of the impact of poor superego development and id domination on criminality should be included.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Answers should include a definition of a psychopath as someone who has a personality disorder, especially one manifesting in aggressively antisocial behavior and who is lacking in empathy. Defining characteristics include intelligence, superficial charm, chronic lying, unreliability, and the inability to feel guilt or shame, among others listed in the text. Answers should include an explanation of the APAs move away from the use of terms such as psychopath and sociopath in favor of the term antisocial personality and the concept of antisocial personality disorder. A discussion of possible somatogenic and psychogenic causes should also be presented.
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Consistency and Change in Personality Over the Lifespan