Answer to Question 1
Answer: In Bell v. Wolfish (1979), routine strip-searches of inmates were deemed not to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment because they are reasonable to maintain security within a prison. Searches of body cavities are more sensitive than a visual search of an inmate's naked body. However, it is not unusual for inmates to hide drugs, handcuff keys, weapons (bullets for guns), or even hacksaw blades in the rectum to smuggle them into a prison. Therefore, while these searches must be done, the courts require that there must be information that an inmate is hiding contraband in a body cavity, medical staff must conduct the search, and the search must be done in a manner that respects the inmate's dignity and privacy (Tribble v. Gardner, 1988).
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Section 1983 is a section of the Civil Rights Act that prohibits any person acting under the color of any statute, ordinance, or regulation (color of law) from depriving another person of his or her constitutional rights. This specifically protects inmates from violation of constitutional rights by prison officials simply because they are under government supervision.
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