Answer to Question 1
During this era, most police officers actively worked to further the interests of the local politicians who placed them in power and gave them their resources and authority. These politicians were almost all upper-middle-class white males who worked within a spoils system, appointing people to civil service jobs predominately based on patronage, political affiliation, or in return for monetary payments. In addition, they often rewarded their associates by giving them key positions in police departments, and the politicians, in turn, used the police to help them maintain their political positions. As a result, policing was rife with corruption. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, many public leaders became convinced that something needed to be done to combat increasing levels of corruption and political favoritism resulting from the spoils system. It was at this point that the police began a period of major reform, aimed primarily at making them more professional and less susceptible to outside pressures.
Answer to Question 2
TRUE
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