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Drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects manifested in older adults include drug-induced renal toxicity, which can be a major factor when these adults are experiencing other kidney problems.
Most childhood vaccines are 90–99% effective in preventing disease. Side effects are rarely serious.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
Vaccines prevent between 2.5 and 4 million deaths every year.
Illicit drug use costs the United States approximately $181 billion every year.