Answer to Question 1
Students should identify and explain:
A) Face Validity - a type of measurement validity in which an indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially in the scientific community.
B) Content Validity - measurement validity that requires that a measure represent all the aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct. Content Validity involves three steps:
1) Specify the content in a construct's definition.
2) Sample from all areas of the definition.
3) Develop one or more indicators that tap all parts of the definition.
C) Criterion Validity - measurement validity that relies on some independent, outside verification. Two subtypes of criterion validity are concurrent validity and predicative validity.
1) Concurrent Validity - measurement validity that relies on a preexisting and already accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct.
2) Predicative Validity - measurement validity that relies of the occurrence of a future event or behavior that is logically consistent to verify the indicator of a construct.
D) Construct Validity - a type of measurement validity that uses multiple indicators and has two subtypes:
1) How well indicators of one construct converge
2) How well indicators of different constructs converge.
The two subtypes of construct validity are convergent validity and discriminant validity.
1) Convergent Validity - a type of measurement validity for multiple indicators based on the idea that indicators of one construct will act alike or converge.
2) Discriminant Validity - measurement validity for multiple indicators based on the idea that indicators of different constructs diverge.
Answer to Question 2
A
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Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (detail), from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period.
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