Answer to Question 1
There are two types of problems with life in the intertidal zone: the stresses created by the rising and falling tides and constant wave action. Algae, plants, and animals must be able to cope with the physical force of water in a high energy coast and withstand periods of exposure to air. Some common strategies are listed on Table 15.1 and include the use of biological glue/threads to attach themselves to rocky surfaces, flexible stipes and blades that absorb wave shock, the ability to regenerate lost body parts, covering their bodies with rock or shell fragments to prevent desiccation, firm attachment of animal to its shell, inking, stinging cells, and thick exoskeleton or cuticle to prevent water loss.
Answer to Question 2
C