Show how each chemical change leads to a stable octet. (a) ...

[CORALGRILL2014]

Show how each chemical change leads to a stable octet.
   
  (a) Sulfur forms S^2-.
  S (16 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴
  S^2- (18 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶
  (b) Magnesium forms Mg²⁺.
  Mg (12 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²
  Mg²⁺ (10 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶

Question 2

Write and compare the ground-state electron configurations for each pair of elements:
   
  (a) Carbon and silicon
  (b) Oxygen and sulfur
  (c) Nitrogen and phosphorus

[DHRUVSHAH]

Answer to Question 1

(a) Sulfur forms S^2-.
S (16 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴
S^2- (18 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶
(b) Magnesium forms Mg²⁺.
Mg (12 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²
Mg²⁺ (10 electrons): 1s²2s²2p⁶

Answer to Question 2

(a) Carbon and silicon

C (6 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p²
Si (14 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p²

Both carbon and silicon have four electrons in their outermost (valence) shells.

(b) Oxygen and sulfur

O (8 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p⁴
S (16 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴

Both oxygen and sulfur have six electrons in their outermost (valence) shells.

(c) Nitrogen and phosphorus

N (7 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p³
P (15 electrons) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³
Both nitrogen and phosphorus have five electrons in their outermost (valence) shells.

[CORALGRILL2014]

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