Answer to Question 1
In old age, individuals enter into Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair. In this stage, there is a growing awareness of the nearness of the end of life. The struggle comes about as older adults try to understand their lives in terms of the future of their families and communities. Thoughts about one's death are balanced by thoughts that one will live on through next generations and through the community. To achieve integrity, people must come to terms with the choices and decisions they have made. People must also accept that their lives are coming to a close. People who reach integrity judge their lives to be worthwhile and good.
Answer to Question 2
Jung proposed two age-related changes in personality development. The first relates to the dimensions of extraversion and introversion. Younger adults are more extraverted than older adults. This may be due to their need to find a mate, develop a career, and so forth. With age, introversion becomes more prominent. With age comes a need to focus inward to explore feelings about aging and mortality. The second trend proposed by Jung relates to the dimensions of masculinity and femininity. Every individual has elements of both traits. However, in young adulthood, people tend to conform to the gender roles of their culture. So, young adults tend to express one dimension while suppressing the other. With age, people start to express the suppressed aspects of their personality. In this way, men and women achieve better balance instead of being driven by gender stereotypes.
Normal development of posture and spinal curves. (A) Toddler: Protruding abdomen; lumbar lordosis. (
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Comparison of Piaget, Freud, & Erikson
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Development Issues
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