Answer to Question 1
Self-efficacy is a belief that one can accomplish things. Memory self-efficacy is an important type of memory belief that is distinct from things such as general knowledge of memory. For example, one may know a great deal about how memory works but still believe that one's ability to perform in a specific situation is poor. Not surprisingly, older adults with low levels of self-efficacy do not perform as well on memory tasks, bringing to mind the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, older adults with lower levels of memory self-efficacy compensate for poor memory performance by using people for assistance and compensatory strategies to aid in their performance.
Answer to Question 2
Working memory involves holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information, sometimes in conjunction with incoming information to solve a problem or make a decision. Working memory plays an active and critical role in encoding, storage, and retrieval. Compared with sensory memory, working memory has a relatively small capacity. Most research indicates a significant age-related decline in working memory. The loss of the ability to hold items in working memory may limit older adults' overall cognitive functioning.
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