Answer to Question 1
1. Normative age-graded influences generally happen to people in a culture at around the same time. For example, in the United States, the age at which one experiences first marriage, first menstruation, and menopause are examples of normative age-graded influences. These might also include social events like the age at first marriage or graduating from college. Normative history-graded influences happen to people living at a certain time. For example, epidemics, droughts, economic collapses, and wars would fall into this category. Nonnormative influences are those that are important to one person but don't happen to most people. For example, being nominated for President, winning the lottery, contracting a rare disease, or being in a plane crash would fall under this category. Events in each category, whether they are positive or negative, all impact development.
Answer to Question 2
To understand the complete aging person, one must examine the biological, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of their lives. Furthermore, the person's culture and historical time must be taken into account as well. This multiperspective, multidisciplinary approach gives a more complete view of people and how they change over time. Focusing on one or even two of these forces would give an incomplete view of an individual.
Invasive species provide an example of predator pressure.
Nursing history for male genetalia assessment
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) event
Programs such as Meals on Wheels provide hot meals to elderly adults who cannot leave their homes
Graded Potentials
History