Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
Arguably the most important provision contained within the Bill of Rights, the Fourth Amendment specifically precludes searches and seizures without probable cause. It was designed to halt the issuance of general warrants. In colonial times, such writs enabled British officers to search private residences, business locales, and public facilities at will. Such abuse by the government was thought to be one of the most important factors leading to the American Revolution. As such, the introduction of the Fourth Amendment was intended to provide security of citizens against tyrannical governments. The probable cause provision, in particular, required the state to demonstrate a level of certainty rising above mere suspicion. Not clearly articulated in the original verbiage of the Fourth Amendment, the standard has been consistently interpreted since by the courts.