Answer to Question 1
The main reason terrorist organizations must become a learning organization is to maintain its own longevity. It an organization becomes stagnant, it is a much easier target for destruction and much more likely to dissipate . Terrorist organizations need to acquire new knowledge, be nimble when faced with new situations and to think outside the box. Since the 9/11 attacks al-Qaeda has splintered and at the same time become an umbrella organization. The splintering has allowed smaller cells to attack targets without being as easily detected . The text book provides the example of the U.S. using drone attacks which forced the al-Qaeda to change their training strategy. If al-Qaeda did not change their training strategy, it could possibly become the end of al-Qaeda. Examples on the learned behavior of al-Qaeda will vary.
Answer to Question 2
State-perpetrated/state international terrorism occurs when governments that lack the economic or military resources necessary to achieve their policy objectives use their own internal security forces to commit acts of terrorism on foreign soil to further their agenda or a country with resources chooses to do so using their own operatives. State-perpetrated terrorism has been used to spy on, harass, and assassinate a state's vocal dissidents and opposition leaders living abroad.
The taking of 53 American hostages at the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran by radicalized Iranian Muslims which lasted 444 days, and the defeat of the Soviets in Afghanistan lead to the Iranian Islamic Revolution. Since Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979, at least 83 Iranian exiles living in foreign countries have been murdered by Iranian officials. Iran's former Prime Minister Bakhtiar fled to Paris, where he led the Iranian government in exile. Although he had survived a previous attempt on his life, he was not so fortunate in 1991 . In 2012, there was a similar incident. Manssor Arbabsiar, who holds dual U.S. and Iranian citizenship, pled guilty to criminal charges involving a plot to assassinate the Saudi Arabia Ambassador to the United States in a Washington, D.C. restaurant. Arbabsiar admitted that he was acting at the direction of Iranian military officials. It is these actions and many more which allow for the categorization of Iran being a state-perpetrated terrorist government.
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