Answer to Question 1
The first campaign to organize the police started shortly after World War I, when the American Federation of Labor (AFL) reversed a long-standing policy and issued charters to police unions in Boston, Washington, D.C., and about 30 other cities. Shortly thereafter, on September 9, 1919, the Boston police initiated their now-famous 3-day strike, leading to major riots; 9 rioters were killed and 23 were seriously injured. During World War II, however, the unionization effort was reignited. Unions issued charters to a few dozen locals all over the country and sent in organizers to help enlist the rank-and-file. The unions were survived in the early 1950s by many benevolent and fraternal organizations of police. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, a vocal group of rank-and-file association leaders came into power. Today labor relations remain a critical topic in policing, and these relations have a significant impact on the administration of police departments and individual units. Today many police unions exist; the two largestthe Fraternal Order of Police and the National Association of Police Organizationsreport a combined membership of nearly 570,000 sworn officers.
Answer to Question 2
alternative
The sites of early embryonic development in mammals.
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