Answer to Question 1
More police executives and researchers are uncomfortable with the simplistic, sequential depiction of the force continuum. They feel that police use of force is not and cannot always be employed in such a sequential, stair-step fashion as this continuum implies. Even when agency policies accompany the continuum (as they always should), such continuums have always been confusing to most police officers. Force continuums also fail to represent properly the dynamic encounter between the officer and a resistant suspect and to take into account the wide array of tools that are available to officers today; it is too difficult for a department to dictate by a continuum in what situations, say, a baton, or pepper spray, or a TASER, or some other, less-lethal weapons should be used. The dynamic resistance response model (DRRM) approach combines a use-of-force continuum with the behaviors of suspects. Dynamicindicates that the model is fluid, and resistance demonstrates that the suspect controls the interaction. DRRM emphasizes that the suspect's level of resistance determines the officer's response.
In the DRRM model, a suspect's lack of resistance (compliance) is in the center of the triangle, which is emphasized as the goal of every encounter. If a suspect's resistance level places him or her on one of the three corners of the triangle, the officer's response is intended to move the suspect's behavior to the center of the triangle and compliance. The sole purpose of the application of force is to gain compliance.
Answer to Question 2
(1) physical abuse/excessive force, (2) verbal/psychological abuse, and (3) legal abuse/violations of civil rights
Raphael, Studies for The Alba Madonna (verso).
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