Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
During the 1960s, when the social revolution inspired a search for new forms, some theatre artists rebelled against the established written text and the hierarchy of control within the theatrical process. The traditional supremacy of the playwright's words was seen as a metaphor for the social and political power structure that needed to be overthrown. Many theatre companies, therefore, began rehearsals with an idea or a concept but no written text. The actors, designers, and director joined in a process of collaborative creation through improvisation; the performance text and the dramatic text evolved together, and the creative performance team was the author of both texts. Following the ideas of French theorist Antonin Artaud (18961948), for a time even language itself was decried as the source of manipulation of the masses, and the primal expression of sound and movement was given priority. Groups searched for new systems of language based on sound and movement that could transcend cultural boundaries.
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