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Disorders that may affect pharmacodynamics include genetic mutations, malnutrition, thyrotoxicosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus.
In the United States, an estimated 50 million unnecessary antibiotics are prescribed for viral respiratory infections.
More than 4.4billion prescriptions were dispensed within the United States in 2016.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
Illicit drug use costs the United States approximately $181 billion every year.