Author Question: Effective counterfactual reasoning should be related to a body of theory because a. theories ... (Read 19 times)

james0929 · **on:** Sep 4, 2018

Effective counterfactual reasoning should be related to a body of theory because

a. theories provide coherence and organization to our thoughts and help avoid random guessing.
b. doing so reduces the risk of anachronism.
c. using theories shortens the chain of causation.
d. a good virtual history must be based on a specific theory.
e. introducing randomness helps avoid bias stemming from the analyst's personal experiences.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the planning and programming stage of the foreign policy process?

a. the second stage in the foreign policy process, in which the most accurate information
available is sought upon which to base decisions
b. the stage in the foreign policy process in which choices are developed about what to do
c. the stage in the foreign policy process which identifies and weighs the costs and
benefits of each identified foreign policy option
d. the foreign policy process stage that decides which foreign policy option to
implement