Answer to Question 1
There is little support for Freuds belief that conflicts that occur during the oral and anal stages result in specific personality traits. The struggle between the id and the superego is also no longer considered valid. The strongest criticism is that psychoanalytic theory cannot be proven through controlled scientific research.
Answer to Question 2
In the preschool and early school-age period, children consider rules to be whatever powerful authority figures determine and that they are not to be changed. By age 7 or 8 they often interact with their peers in a give-and-take manner. They change their ideas about authority, recognizing that punishment may be fair or unfair. By age 11 or 12, they are more flexible, change rules, and discuss moral issues.
