Answer to Question 1
Just as Einstein's radical theories of physics changed the way in which people viewed life and reality, Freud's exploration of the subconscious altered the way in which people defined themselves and, in turn, how they expressed themselves. As opposed to the rational and reasoned Enlightenment approach, the new psychology allowed an exploration of irrationality and the emotional elements in human nature. This new approach allowed for a level of self-expression and individuation that is unique to modern art. Artists brought to their work their hidden emotions, their repressed desires, and their dreams and fantasies, hoping to find a current in the collective unconscious and help provide some sort of meaningful experience in an era of extraordinary violence and chaos.
Answer to Question 2
The Swiss physician Carl Gustav Jung, a colleague of Freud, found Freud's view of the psyche too narrow and overly deterministic. Jung argued that the personal, unconscious life of the individual rested on a deeper and more universal layer of the human psyche, which he called the collective unconscious. According to Jung, the collective unconscious belongs to humankind at large, that is, to the human family. It manifests itself throughout history in the form of dreams, myths, and fairy tales. The archetypes (primal patterns) of that realm reflect the deep psychic needs of humankind as a species. Jung treated the personal psyche as part of the larger human family, and, unlike Freud, he insisted on the positive value of religion in satisfying humankind's deepest psychic desires.
Detail of the Chinese-style gate of Nishi Hongan-ji in Kyoto; Momoyama period; National Treasure
Conservation of synteny between human and mouse
Verbs and Movements
Development of the Reproductive Systems
The human metallothionein IIA gene promoter
Human embryo at successive stages of development (not to scale).