Answer to Question 1
Answer: Non-REM consists of four stages: stage 1 contains alpha activity (812 Hz) and theta activity (3.57.5 Hz); stage 2 contains sleep spindles (1214 Hz) but not alpha activity; stages 3 and 4 contain more delta activity ( less than 3.5 Hz). Muscle activity is present during non-REM sleep, but not REM sleep. In REM sleep, the EEG shifts back to a beta wave form (1330 Hz). In REM sleep, there are regular movements of the eyes, signs of genital activity, and dreaming. Non-REM dreams can be frightening (stage 4 night terrors).
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Sleep attack is an overwhelming urge to sleep for a few minutes. During cataplexy, a person has paralysis and is conscious; whereas during sleep, paralysis occurs just before or just after sleep. Hypnagogic hallucinations are dreams that occur during sleep paralysis.
A Subject Prepared for a Night’s Sleep in a Sleep Laboratory
REM Sleep and Learning
Antidepressant Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Characteristics of a Eukaryotic Cell
Four pieces of evidence that the reticular formation is involved in sleep.
General Characteristics of Nervous Tissue