After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The family Felidae (cats) is distributed across Africa, Eurasia, North America, and South America and is hypothesized to have eight major lineages (Panthera, bay cat, caracal, ocelot, lynx, puma, leopard, and domestic cat groups) as shown in this phylogenetic tree, constructed from DNA sequences. Scientists used a molecular clock and fossil evidence to date the divergence of each group. The dates of divergence are provided in the accompanying figure.
The Manx cat is in the domestic cat group, and the bobcat is in the lynx group. Both have a trait in common: short, stubby tails. According to the phylogeny, which is the most parsimonious explanation for this common trait in these two species of cat?
◦ The common ancestor of the Manx cat and bobcat had a short, stubby tail.
◦ The short, stubby tail evolved independently in these two species.
◦ Short, stubby tails were advantageous about 9 million years ago.
◦ Horizontal gene transfer between the Manx cat and bobcat occurred.
PRIMATE FAMILY TREE
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The family described in Example Case 4