After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis.
Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following questions regarding this study.
From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the experimental group in your study.
◦ a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males
◦ a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females
◦ a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females
◦ a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females
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Biochemistry Questions
Which of the 3 structures shown below has the shortest bond length? Justify your answer.
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