After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
In southern Africa, jackals are major predators of livestock on farms. As a control measure, farmers often kill jackals they find on their farms. Scientists Liaan Minnie and colleagues predicted that increased mortality of jackals would result in altered life history traits of this carnivore species. To test their predictions, they compared the number of pregnant female jackals in different age classes in populations that were hunted (on farms) to those that were not hunted (in conservation reserves). The resulting pattern shown in the first graph is the proportion of females that are pregnant in each age class. The scientists also collected demographic data to construct age structure diagrams (second graph) of jackals in (a) hunted populations (farms) and (b) populations that were not hunted (reserves). In the age structure diagram, males are plotted on the left, females are plotted on the right, and the median age class is denoted with hatched bars.
Source: Minnie, L., Gaylard, A., & Kerley, G. I. (2016). Compensatory life‐history responses of a mesopredator may undermine carnivore management efforts.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(2), 379-387.
Jackals live in socially organized groups, with dominant females suppressing reproduction in nondominant (submissive) individuals. Examine the first graph, and select the explanation that best predicts the effect of dominance hierarchies on population growth in jackals.
◦ On reserves, younger individuals suppress older individuals from reproducing. A smaller proportion of pregnant females would make reserve populations grow more slowly than farm populations.
◦ On farms, older individuals suppress younger individuals from reproducing. A smaller proportion of pregnant females would make farm populations grow more slowly than reserve populations.
◦ On farms, younger individuals suppress older individuals from reproducing. A smaller proportion of pregnant females would make farm populations grow more slowly than reserve populations.
◦ On reserves, older individuals suppress younger individuals from reproducing. A smaller proportion of pregnant females would make reserve populations grow more slowly than farm populations.
The age structure of human populations in West Africa and Western Europe, as of 2000.
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