Answer to Question 1
Daniel M'Naughten was a paranoid schizophrenic who believed that the English Tory party was persecuting him. Consequently, he attempted to kill the British prime minister, but instead killed his secretary. He was tried, but the court ruled that he was not responsible for his behavior because he didn't know what he was doing or that it was wrong. This became the basis of the insanity plea. Over time, questions have been raised about the validity of focusing only on knowledge of right and wrong, so the American Law Institute recommended that people with mental illness who committed crimes should be treated for their disease, not punished. However, highly publicized cases of people who committed murder and claimed insanity in the news have caused some states to move to using a guilty but mentally ill distinction, meaning the person is first treated and then punished.
Answer to Question 2
Deinstitutionalization refers to the movement of people who are mentally ill from institutions into community healthcare centers. The goal was to reduce the number of people living in large impersonal settings. However, in practice, most communities have failed to provide adequate local mental healthcare facilities, with the result that many mentally ill patients have been placed in nursing homes, group residences, jails, and prisons, and a significant number are homeless.
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