Answer to Question 1
In covert sensitization, patients associate sexually arousing images in their imagination with some reasons why the behavior is harmful or dangerous. Before treatment, the patient knows about these reasons, but the immediate pleasure and strong reinforcement the sexual activity provides is enough to overcome any thoughts of possible harm or danger that might arise in the future. In imagination, harmful or dangerous consequences can be associated quite directly with the unwanted behavior and arousal in a powerful and emotionally meaningful way
In orgasmic reconditioning, patients are instructed to masturbate to their usual fantasies but to substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation. With repeated practice, patients should be able to begin the desired fantasy earlier in the masturbatory process and still retain their arousal. This technique has been used with some success in a variety of settings.
Both treatments utilize imagination and fantasizing to produce results.
Answer to Question 2
Paraphilias are all characterized by sexual attraction to something or somebody other than another adult, including animals, children, and household objects. Individuals may exhibit more than one paraphilic pattern and often experience mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders as well.
Frotteurism refers to a male in a crowded place rubbing against someone he doesn't know until he is stimulated to the point of ejaculation.
A sexual attraction to a nonliving object is referred to as a fetish. Women's undergarments and shoes are typical objects, although individuals may have very specific objects of sexual attraction.
Voyeurism refers to watching an unsuspecting individual undressing or naked in order to get aroused.
Exhibitionism involves exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting strangers for sexual gratification.
Transvestic fetishism involves sexual arousal associated with the act of dressing in clothes of the opposite sex.
Sexual sadism and masochism refer to achieving sexual gratification either by inflicting pain or humiliation or suffering pain or humiliation respectively.
Sadistic rape
refers to rapists who are particularly aroused when force and acts of cruelty are involved. Pedophilia refers to sexual attraction to children or very young adolescents.
Radiological Modalities (Methods) Cont.
Botox therapy: (left) before treatment; (right) after treatment.
Types of Dehydration Disorders and Their Treatment
Common Oral Lesions/Conditions Associated with HIV Infections and Treatment Guidelines
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Research Methods