Answer to Question 1
Current views tend to be quite tolerant of a variety of sexual expressions, even if they are unusual, unless the behavior is associated with a substantial impairment in functioning or involves nonconsenting individuals such as children. Three kinds of sexual behavior meet this definition. In gender dysphoria, there is psychological dissatisfaction with one's biological sex. The disorder is not specifically sexual but rather a disturbance in the person's sense of identity as a male or a female. But these disorders are often grouped with sexual disorders. Individuals with sexual dysfunction find it difficult to function adequately while having sex, for example, they may not become aroused or achieve orgasm. Finally, paraphilia, the relatively new term for sexual deviation, includes disorders in which sexual arousal occurs primarily in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals. Philia refers to a strong attraction or liking, and para indicates the attraction is abnormal. Paraphilic arousal patterns tend to be focused rather narrowly, often precluding mutually consenting adult partners, even if desired.
Answer to Question 2
a
Bipolar disease. The term bipolar means “pertaining to two poles.” The individual with this form of
Bipolar disorder.
DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorder
APA Guidelines for Treating Manic and Depressive Episodes in Bipolar Disorder
Post-term birth rates, by province/territory, Canada