Answer to Question 1
b
Answer to Question 2
Family history: If a family member has committed suicide, there is an increased risk that someone else in the family will also. Research has shown that the offspring of family members who have attempted suicide had six times the risk compared to the offspring of nonattempters. If a sibling was the suicide attempter, this increased the risk even more.
Neurobiology: Research indicates that low levels of serotonin may be associated with suicide and violent suicide attempts. Low levels of serotonin are associated with impulsivity, instability, and a tendency to overreact in situations.
Existing psychological disorders: More than 80 percent of the people who kill themselves have an existing psychological disorder, usually a mood disorder, substance use disorder, or impulse control disorder. Hopelessness, a specific component of depression, is a strong predictor of suicide. Alcohol use and abuse are associated with 25 to 50 percent of all suicides and are especially prominent in adolescent suicides
Stressful life events: The most important risk factor for suicide appears to be a severe, stressful event. Often, a stressful event can put the person over the edge.
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The frequency of bipolar illness in members of monozygotic twin pairs and in first-degree relatives