Answer to Question 1
Interventions for physical abuse usually involve ways to change how parents teach, discipline, and attend to their children, most often by training parents in basic child-rearing skills, accompanied by cognitivebehavioral methods that target specific anger patterns or distorted beliefs. Treatment for child neglect also focuses on parenting skills and expectations, coupled with teaching parents how to improve their skills in organizing important family needssuch as home safety, finances, and medical needs, among othersas well as drug and alcohol counseling (Azar & Wolfe, 2006). Similarly, children who have witnessed violence in the home benefit from interventions that address their needs in the context of their family circumstances. For example, their non-offending mothers may attend treatment with them, so that mothers learn ways to deal with problematic child behavior while also providing appropriate maternal support (Graham-Bermann et al., 2007; Jaffe et al., 2011).
Answer to Question 2
1 . Those most in need are least likely to seek help on their own; 2 . these children are brought to the attention of professionals as a result of someone else's concern, usually after they have violated expected norms or laws; and 3 . parents do not want to admit to problems because they fear losing their children or being charged with a crime (fears that are, of course, realistic).
To examine a child’s ear, the pinna should be pulled back and up for children over 3 years; the pinn
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