Answer to Question 1
This relationship between being abused as a child and becoming abusive toward others as an adult is known as the cycle-of-violence hypothesis.. Although victims of violence have a greater chance of becoming perpetrators of violence, this relationship is not inevitable and it can be attenuated through early intervention (Berlin et al., 2011).
Answer to Question 2
Maltreated children often lack these core positive beliefs about themselves and their world. Instead, they may develop negative representational models of themselves and others based on a sense of inner badness, self-blame, shame, or rage, all of which further impair their ability to regulate their affective responses (Simon, Feiring, & McElroy, 2010; Valentino et al., 2008).