Answer to Question 1
Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive processes in the brain that activate, integrate, and manage other brain functions. Cognitive processes, such as working memory (holding facts in mind while manipulating information), mental computation, planning and anticipation, flexibility of thinking, and the use of organizational strategies. Language processes, such as verbal fluency and the use of self-directed speech. Motor processes, such as allocation of effort, following prohibitive instructions, response inhibition, and motor coordination and sequencing. Emotional processes, such as self-regulation of arousal level and tolerating frustration.
Answer to Question 2
Although DSM states that clinical judgment may be used to assess whether symptoms are inconsistent with developmental level, it applies the same symptoms to individuals of all ages, even though some symptoms, particularly for hyperactiveimpulsiv e behaviors (running and climbing), apply more to young children. According to DSM, ADHD is a disorder that a child either has or doesn't have. However, because the number and severity of symptoms are also calculated on a scale, children who fall just below the cutoff for ADHD are not necessarily different from children just above the cutoff. These limitations highlight the fact that DSM criteria are designed to classify and diagnose. They help shape our understanding of ADHD but are also shaped byand in some instances lag behindnew research findings
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