Answer to Question 1
One of the best understood examples of a single gene condition is phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare disorder occurring in approximately 1 in 15,000 individuals (Waisbren, 2011). Unlike chromosomal abnormalities that cause Down syndrome, the cause of PKU is a recessive gene transmitted by typical Mendelian mechanisms.
Answer to Question 2
The most common disorder that results from a chromosome abnormality is Down syndrome. These abnormalities also can occur in the number of sex chromosomes, resulting in intellectual disability syndromes such as Klinefelter's (XXY, a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome) and Turner's (XO, a disorder in which women are missing a second X chromosome).
An example showing a modification that has occurred as a result of biological evolution
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