Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
- biological risk factors for somatic symptom disorders may include genetic predisposition, as well as key brain changes in the amygdala, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal, and somatosensory cortices
- environmental risk factors for somatic symptom disorders include illness behaviors, which involve medically related behaviors potentially reinforced by significant others
- cognitive factors are likely powerful influences in somatic symptom disorders, because many people with these disorders use somatic explanations for even minor bodily changes
- cultural and other factors influence somatic symptom disorders
- a causal model of somatic symptom disorders focuses on misperception of symptoms, feelings of controllability about symptoms, and overattention to minor bodily changes
- prevention of somatic symptom disorders tend to focus on educating parents and children about dangerous versus nondangerous physical symptoms, ensuring adequate and competent healthcare, and managing anxiety