Question 1
In a given area where you have little knowledge of the local geology (rocks types, fossils, etc.), what type of unconformity would be the most difficult to recognize in an exposed sequence of rocks? Why?
Question 2
Modern geochronology studies recognize that most radiometric dates record a time when a mineral cools below a temperature where the mineral closes to gain or loss of parent and daughter isotopes. This "closure temperature" varies between different minerals and different isotopic systems. This has allowed the absolute dating of sedimentary rocks through dating of single crystals. For example, if a rock is heated above the closure temperature of the rocks constituent minerals, the date of that mineral provides a minimum age. In contrast, if the rock contains a mineral with a closure temperature higher than the maximum temperature reached by the rock, that mineral will retain the age from its source. The mineral zircon dated by U-Pb methods is an example.
So, you look at a rock that has Cretaceous fossils in it, but your paleontologist friend looks at them and cannot determine if they are Early or Late Cretaceous in age. The rock contains the mineral apatite, which accumulates He through the decay or U and Th, but closes to He loss at temperature of around 75°C. You know from the stratigraphic section that the rocks were originally buried at least 3km. The local geothermal gradient is about 35°C/km. You obtain an apatite He date of 105 +/- 2 million years. You also date 100 grains of zircon from the rock. The zircons yield dates that range in age from 2.1 billion years to 125 million years. Three different zircon grains yield ages between 125 and 127 million years. You google "cretaceous time scale" and learn that the Cretaceous begins at about 144 million years and ends at about 65 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous ends about 100 million years ago. How old are these sedimentary rocks?
Symplastic and apoplastic transport of mineral ions in roots
Modern Medical Technological Revolution
Modern Hydroelectric Power Uses
Modern fishing fleets deplete marine life
Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time
Time Line for Evolution of the Universe