Which of the following best describes melting of the mantle at subduction zones that leads to island arc volcanoes?
◦ The subducting plate is cooled as it is carried to depth and the subducted oceanic crust melts.
◦ The subducted plate subsides into the mantle and allows magma from the lower mantle magma ocean to rise toward the surface.
◦ Water released from the subducting plate decreases the melting temperature in the mantle above the downgoing plate to generate magmas from the overlying mantle wedge.
◦ Heat is carried downward with the subducting plate and melts the mantle above the downgoing plate.