According to urbanist John Rennie Short, the term manmade city refers to
◦ 20th-century cities planned and designed by urban planners as experimental cities.
◦ 20th-century cities built on sites of preindustrial Native American settlements.
◦ early industrial cities that relied on male labor for economic growth.
◦ the social design, usage, and construction of urban space that reinforces existing gender bias in society.