Paul volunteers for a study on attitudes about dating. When he arrives at the laboratory, he notices a book on the researcher's desk called Nonverbal Communication in Dating Couples.
Paul concludes that the study is about nonverbal communication, and in his answers to questions he tries to be helpful by emphasizing his skills in this area. The way Paul responded to the questions is an example of a threat to validity called
a) reactivity.
b) expectancy effects.
c) demand characteristics.
d) nonrandom assignment.
Question 2
Which of the following statements is an example of a time-of-measurement effect?
a) Today's older adults are less likely to seek mental health services because when they were growing up, mental illness was stigmatized.
b) Because exercise has become widely promoted in the media, many older adults are now exercising and thus are healthier than predicted by earlier measures of their physical well-being.
c) Because of the effects of aging on the brain, older adults do worse than younger adults on measures of fluid intelligence.
d) In a longitudinal study, many of the elderly subjects died before the follow-up data was collected.
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