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It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
The shortest mature adult human of whom there is independent evidence was Gul Mohammed in India. In 1990, he was measured in New Delhi and stood 22.5 inches tall.
Most childhood vaccines are 90–99% effective in preventing disease. Side effects are rarely serious.
It is believed that humans initially contracted crabs from gorillas about 3 million years ago from either sleeping in gorilla nests or eating the apes.
Complications of influenza include: bacterial pneumonia, ear and sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic conditions such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes.
![The phosphorus cycle. Numbers are 1012 g P or fluxes as 1012 g P per year (data from Schlesinger 199](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_33_17_02_12_7_02_17_2037874.jpeg)
![H. erectus migrated out of Africa beginning about 1.8 million years ago and is first known from Geor](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_275510_22_02_15_5_56_58_207731480.jpeg)