Answer to Question 1
Accept any answer incorporating key symptoms such as depressed mood, loss of interest in everyday activities, changes in weight, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and active suicidal ideation with or without a plan.
Answer to Question 2
In general, a person is said to suffer from bipolar disorder when both episodic depressed mood and episodic mania are present. The difference between the two is centered on the degree of mania. In bipolar disorder I, states of full- blown mania alternate with episodes of major depression. However, in bipolar disorder II, hypomania (less severe mood state than regular mania) alternates with episodes of major depression. Hypomanic states do not include the impulsive acts and gross lapses of judgment seen in mania. Bipolar II is more difficult to diagnose, as the patient may view hypomania as productive or creative periods.
Metabolic Disorder notes
The Major Subcortical Connections of the Hippocampal Formation
Major Events in the History of Psychology
How Much Food Does the World Produce Per Person?
Notice the reddish-brown haze caused by nitrogen oxides that is often over many major cities.