Answer to Question 1
According to the psychodynamic perspective, people tend to internalize negative parental attitudes, leaving them vulnerable to fears of abandonment and to self-hatred. In addition, they tend to treat themselves as they were treated by their parents. These attitudes prevent the development of mature, consistent, and positive perceptions of themselves and others. They also lead to an inability to regulate mood when faced with disappointment, and difficulty in taking another's point of view.
Answer to Question 2
The results of the meta-analysis described in the text can be explained by two competing interpretations. One interpretation is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia use alcohol/drugs as a coping mechanism to alleviate the presence/intensity of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This interpretation lends credence to the self-medication hypothesis. The other interpretation is that people who do not have substance abuse issues already exhibit few/less intense negative symptoms, and therefore they don't require alcohol/drugs to manage their symptoms.
It is difficult to conclusively state which interpretation is correct because the design of the meta-analysis is cross-sectional and correlational. In order to remedy the issue, further research studies should employ experimental and longitudinal designs.
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