Of the following, which statement most accurately describes research results that have examined the influence of high-stakes testing on student learning?
◦ A consistent body of research indicates that high-stakes testing significantly increases student learning in all of the content areas tested.
◦ A consistent body of research indicates that high-stakes testing significantly increases learning in reading and math, but results are inconclusive in other content areas.
◦ Comprehensive research reviews of the effects of high-stakes testing on student achievement have found that this approach to reform has had little or no positive effect on student learning.
◦ Comprehensive research reviews of the effects of high-stakes testing on achievement have found that this approach to reform has sharply reduced student learning.
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Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry
Research
Research Methods