Imagine that you are observing one of Pavlov's early experiments on classical conditioning. After a dog is placed in a harness, what is most likely to happen?
◦ A tone will be presented, and then a bell will ring.
◦ If the dog makes an orienting response, he will be given some food.
◦ A tone will be presented, and the dog will be given some food.
◦ If the dog barks, he will be given an electric shock.